梁庄王墓墓葬文化与明初期社会伦常

明朝宣宗皇帝朱瞻基宣统八年，也就是公元1443年，当时的梁庄王22岁，20岁的魏氏被册封为梁王妃。他们仅共同生活了8年，梁庄王便“以疾薨”。魏氏悲痛欲绝，“欲随王逝”。正统皇帝为此降旨安抚，要她存留下来，抚养梁庄王的两名幼女。魏氏于38岁病逝时距离梁庄王下葬已有10年，但她仍与丈夫葬在一起，且为合葬形式中最亲密的一种──同穴同室。下葬时，由于自来石将墓门顶得很紧，只得撞破西扇门。

墓里看到的玉叶组佩又称玉禁步，是明英宗赐给梁庄王的妃子-继妃魏氏的皇家御用饰品，梁庄王和继妃魏氏结婚八年后即逝去，继妃魏氏每每想起梁庄王生前待自己恩爱有加，遂起了厌世的念想欲随王而逝，皇帝英宗得到消息，随即下了一道圣旨，让魏氏抚养好两个女儿。赐赏玉叶组佩，它的功能作用，是当时尊贵的身份象征，女子佩带上以后，为了规范走路的姿势，快慢，只有优雅，缓慢的走，才能发出叮当悦耳的玉器碰撞的声音，意思就是要让魏氏不许自杀，要优雅的活下去。十年后，继妃魏氏去世，遗言是她仍与丈夫葬在一起，且为合葬形式中最亲密的一种——同穴同室。

几百年前醉生梦死的凄美姻缘，凄婉执著的，背景音乐是琵琶语，确实煽情，令人感动。

宋朝以后，伴随着宗法势力的扩张，传统的上层礼制逐渐俗化的同时，民间生活也日渐被纳入礼治范围，贵族的礼仪演变为士庶通礼。这一整合社会的上下层双向互动的秩序化过程，在明清时期尤其是明代更为明显。明太祖朱元璋在元朝末年以“复宋”的旗帜，赢得了战争的胜利。明朝建立之后，朱元璋特别重视礼法，他在位的30余年中，制订了十几部礼仪专书，其中《明集礼》是明朝最重要的一部礼典。在冠礼部分，除了皇家冠礼、品官冠礼，还有士庶冠礼。明朝帝王在恢复汉家制度目标之下，沿袭并发展了宋代开始全面推行的以礼化俗的传统，重视以儒家伦理文化影响社会。《朱子家礼》在明朝被视为民间社会的礼仪指南，洪武元年（1368），政府颁令：“民间婚娶，并依《朱子家礼》。”（《明会要?礼九》）永乐年间，又“颁《文公家礼》于天下”（《明史?礼制一》）朱熹的私人著述这时已变成了国家的礼书，《朱子家礼》在政治力量的帮助下获得了前所未有的理论权威，并部分地影响着民间生活。明代是冠礼得到较多施行的时代，我们从明人文集与地方志中可以见到较多的民间举行冠礼的情形。事实上明朝的冠礼有两种形态。一种是缙绅之家或地方大族依《朱子家礼》规制举行的冠礼。“前明士大夫家颇重冠礼，一遵紫阳所定。”（康熙《汤溪县志》）浦阳义门郑氏十世之长仲德父，以礼冠其从子杓及诸孙燧、爚、耀四人，是其中的显例。宜兴万氏谨于礼法，“其家子弟且冠，必为之行古冠礼，及婚葬祭率准《家礼》，从事不为苟简”。应该说在明代社会按《家礼》的模式举行冠礼，是相当时尚的事，社会对它有积极的评价，但《家礼》毕竟是一种榜样，“冠礼，惟士夫家间一行之，然倡而不和，未有多行者”。就是文人学士或地方世家行礼也不是都按《家礼》行事，有“三加礼，士大夫家间行之，然亦不能备礼”者。一种是庶民之家，在《家礼》的影响下自觉传承民间特色的成人礼俗。16岁成为江浙地区民间冠礼的年龄底线，一般人都在16岁或16岁以上，20岁以下行冠礼。冠礼的仪式一般较为简洁、随意，民间通称冠笄为“上头”，上头时邀请集亲邻，吃“上头糕”。嘉靖《吴江志》记载江苏吴江地方：“童子年十二或十四始养发，发长为总角，十六以上始冠。女子将嫁而后笄。冠笄之日，蒸糕以馈亲邻，名曰‘上头糕’。”浙江镇海同样如此，“男子年十六，择吉日告庙始冠”，也有婚娶时行冠礼者，女子则嫁时加笄。举行冠礼的时间民间遵循古代岁首加冠的传统，“多于冬至或正旦加网巾于首，拜天地、祖宗、尊长”，一般都没有训诫之辞与三加的仪式，加冠的冠服已经变成了明代的网巾。网巾虽仍然传承着古代以来的束发功能，但它已很难唤起人们在加冠时节的神圣意识，庄严的成人仪式成为习俗相沿的家庭礼节。

冠礼的这两种形态分别代表了冠礼在不同社会层面的表现，在明朝前期以《家礼》为标准的冠礼在统治者的提倡下，影响较大。明朝后期，随着礼教的衰退，世俗生活情趣的增长，民间的成人礼俗凸现，冠礼逐渐又成为士人怀古的对象。《崇祯历乘》“历俗总角、弱冠皆从其便，三加之礼不惟庶民不知，即诗礼之家亦有不行”。清代是传统冠礼衰落的时代，因为文化政治的关系，清代统治者忽视冠礼。我们知道冠礼最外在的表现是束发加冠，以束发的式样作为成人的标志。清朝剃发结辫，改变了汉族的传统发式，冠礼束发的标志意义由此失落，这不能不说是对传统冠礼的一大打击。冠礼在清代的命运大不如明代，除了少数地方志说到士人之家间一行之外，多数方志如乾隆《景宁县志》那样说到冠礼：“明时行之，今废久矣。”标准形式的冠礼随着人们发式的改变，无以施行。但自明朝兴起的民间冠礼并没有中绝，它采取了诸多的变异方式保存、发展古代的成人礼俗。

在中国古代专制社会，政治权利始终决定经济发展的走向，从梁庄王墓的发掘可以看出，无论当时朝廷的经济状况如何，最终受益者都不是国家整体，而只是统治阶级上层的少数王公和贵族。

burialcultureofliangzhuangwangtombsandsocialorderinearlymingdynasty

in1443，theeighthyearofxuandeinzhuzhanji，the

xuanzongemperorofthemingdynasty，the22-year-oldliangzhuangkingandthe20-year-oldwei'sfamilywerecanonizedasprincessliang。theyonlylivedtogetherfor8years，andliangzhuangwangwassufferingfromillness。weishiwassosadthathewantedtodiewiththeking。theorthodoxemperorappeasedandaskedhertostayandraisethetwoyounggirlsofliangzhuangwang。weishidiedat38yearsofage，10yearsaftertheburialofkingliangzhuang，butshewasstillburiedwithherhusband，andwastheclosestformofco-burial-chamber。whenhewasburied，hehadtosmashthewesterngatebecausehehadbuiltthestonedoorverytightly。

thejadeleafgrouppeiseeninthetomb，alsoknownasthejadeforbiddenstep，wastheimperialjewelrygivenbytheemperorofmingyingemperortotheconcubineofliangzhuang，thesecondconcubineofwei，whodiedeightyearsaftertheirmarriage。thenadecreecamedowntoletweiraisetwodaughters。thefunctionofthejadeleafgroupistosymbolizethenoblestatusatthattime。afterwomenwearit，inordertoregulatethewalkingposture，speed，onlyelegantandslowwalking，cantheymakethesoundofjadesclashingwithpleasanttinkles，whichmeansthatweishouldnotcommitsuicideandlivegracefully。tenyearslater，afterthedeathofwilson，herstepmother，thetestamentisstillburiedwithherhusband，andforthemostintimateformofburial-withthesamechamber。

hundredsofyearsago，drunkenlifedreamedofdeathofthesadandbeautifulmarriage，sadandpersistent，thebackgroundmusicisthepipalanguage，reallysensational，moving。

afterthesongdynasty，alongwiththeexpansionofpatriarchalpower，thetraditionalupper-classetiquettegraduallyvulgarized，whilefolklifeisincreasinglyincludedinthescopeofetiquette，aristocraticetiquetteevolvedintothecommonetiquette。thisorderlyprocessoftwo-wayinteractionbetweentheupperandlowerlevelsoftheintegratedsocietywasmoreobviousinthemingandqingdynasties，especiallyinthemingdynasties。zhuyuanzhang，theemperorofthemingdynasty，wonthevictoryofthewarinthelateyuandynastywiththebannerof“songfu”。afterthefoundingofthemingdynasty，zhuyuanzhangattachedgreatimportancetoritualandlaw。duringhis30yearsinoffice，heformulatedmorethanadozenbooksonritual，amongwhichmingjiliwasthemostimportantritualinthemingdynasty。inthecrownceremony，apartfromtheroyalcrownceremony，theofficialguanliceremony，andthescholarcrownceremony。underthegoalofrestoringthehansystem，theemperorsofthemingdynastyfollowedanddevelopedthetraditionofconvertingetiquetteintocustom，whichbegantobecarriedoutinthesongdynasty。inthefirstyearofhongwu（1368），thegovernmentissuedadecree：“folkmarriage，andinaccordancewiththezhuzifamilyrites。”duringtheyonglereign，zhuxi'sprivatewritingshadbecomeanationalritual。withthehelpofpoliticalpower，zhuzi'snationalritesgainedunprecedentedtheoreticalauthorityandpartiallyinfluencedfolklife。themingdynastyisatimewhentheceremonyofcrowningwascarriedoutmorefrequently。wecanseefromthecollectionofthemingpeopleandlocalchroniclesthatmorepeopleholdtheceremonyofcrowning。infact，therearetwoformsofthecrownceremonyinmingdynasty。oneisthecrownceremonyofthegentryfamilyorthelocalclanaccordingtotheregulationofzhuxi'sfamilyrites。“beforethemingdynasty，scholarsandofficialdompaidmuchattentiontothecrownceremony。（tangxicountychronicleofkangxi）zhongdefather，theeldestofzheng'stenthreigninyimen，puyang，wasoneofthemostprominentexamplesofhisfather，whowascrownedwithcourtesybyhisfollowersandgrandchildren，sui，yunandyao。yixingwanshiisconscientiousofproprietyandlaw，”hisfami*childrenandcrown，willbetheancientcrownceremony，andtherateofmarriageandfuneralceremoniesasthe“familyrites，”engagedinnon-simple。itshouldbesaidthatinthemingdynasty，itwasquitefashionabletoholdtheceremonyinaccordancewiththepatternof“familyrites”。thesocietyhadapositiveevaluationonit，but“familyrites”wasanexample，afterall，“theceremony，onlyamongthescholar-bureaucrats，wasadvocatedbutnotreconciled，andtherewerenotmanypractitioners。”evenscholarsandscholarsorlocalfamiliesdonotallactaccordingtothe“familyrites”。thereare“threeplusrites，amongthescholar-bureaucrats，butalsocannotpreparerites”。oneisthehomeofthecommonpeople。undertheinfluenceof“familyrites”，itconsciouslyinheritstheetiquetteandcustomofthefolkcustom。16yearsoldhasbecomethebottomlineofjiangsuandzhejiangprovinces，theaveragepersonis16yearsoldorabove，20yearsoldbelowthecrownceremony。theceremonyofcrowningceremonyisgenerallymoreconciseandcasual。thefolknameguantuis“shangtou”。whentheygoup，theyinvitetheirrelativesandneighborstoeat“shangtoucake”。thewujiangchronicleofjiajingrecordedwujianginjiangsuprovince：“aboy'stwelveorfourteenyearsofagebeginstogrowhair，hairgrowthforthetotalhorn，morethansixteencrown。thewomanwillmarry。onthedayofthecrown，thesteamedcakeiscalled”topcake“。zhenhai，zhejiangprovinceisthesame，”themanissixteenyearsold，choosetheauspiciousdaytoannouncethefirstcrownofthetemple，“therearealsomarriedwhencrownceremony，womenaremarriedwhenjiadao。thetimeoftheceremonyfollowedtheancienttraditionofaddingacrowntotheheadoftheyear，”morethaninthewintersolsticeoronthefirstday，worshipheavenandearth，ancestors，andelders，“andgenerallytherewasnoadmonitionandceremonyofaddingthreemore，thecrownclothinghasbecomeanettowelofthemingdynasty。althoughthescarfstillcarriesonthefunctionofhair-bindingsinceancienttimes，ithasbeendifficulttoarousepeople'ssacredconsciousnessinthecrownseason，andthesolemnceremonyofadulthoodhasbecomeafamilyritualwiththesamecustoms。

thesetwoformsofguanlirepresenttheperformanceofguanliatdifferentsociallevels。intheearlymingdynasty，jiali，thestandardofguanli，wasadvocatedbytherulersandhadagreatinfluence。inthelatemingdynasty，withthedeclineofetiquette，thegrowthofsecularlife，folkadultetiquetteandcustomhighlighted，crownritesgraduallybecometheobjectofnostalgiaforintellectuals。“chongzhenlicheng”is“thegeneralroleofthecustoms，weakcrownareattheirownconvenience，threeplusetiquettenotonlythecommonpeopledonotknow，thatis，thefamilyofpoetryandritesalsohavenoline。theqingdynastywastheerawhenthetraditionalcrownritesdeclined。becauseoftheculturalpolitics，therulersinqingdynastyignoredthecrownrites。weknowthatthemostoutwardappearanceofthecrownisthecrownedhairandthecrown，andthepatternofthehairisthesymboloftheadult。theqingdynasty'shaircutandbraidschangedthetraditionalhairstyleofthehannationality，thuslosingthesymbolicsignificanceofthecoronalceremony，whichcannotbesaidtobeamajorblowtothetraditionalcoronalceremony。thefateofguanliintheqingdynastywasmuchworsethanthatinthemingdynasty。exceptforafewlocalchronicleswhichmentionedthelinebetweenscholars'familie*ostlocalchronicles，likethejingningcountychronicleofqianlong，saidthatguanliwas”doneinthemingdynasty，ithasbeenabolishedforalongtimenow。“thestandardformofcrownritesisnotimplementedaspeoplechangetheirhairstyles。however，sincethemingdynasty，theriseofthefolkcrownceremonyhasnotbeenabsolute，ithasadoptedavarietyofwaystopreserveanddevelopancientadultetiquetteandcustoms。

intheautocraticsocietyofancientchina，politicalrightsalwaysdecidedthetrendofeconomicdevelopment。fromtheexcavationofthetombofliangzhuang，wecanseethattheultimatebeneficiarieswerenotthewholecountry，butonlyafewprincesandnoblesintheupperrulingclass.